definition of literature according to jonathan culler

Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction is an exemplary work in this genre.’ J. Hillis Miller, University of California, Irvine According to Saussure, Swiss linguist whose work is crucial to contemporary theory. Just another WordPress.com weblog « Structuralism: Jonathan Culler: ‘The Linguistic Foundation’: Other notes: – ‘ According to Culler, the different models (or “stories”) of reading that have been proposed are all organised around three problems ’: o The issue of control: ♣ Does the text control the reader, or visa-versa? One who kills animals to keep their numbers down. To gather; collect. File: EPUB, 406 KB. Literary Theory, A Very Short Introduction by Professor Jonathan Culler, takes the approach in describing the subject of literary theory that it is more beneficial to discuss the overall impact of the discipline rather than enter the debate arena and address the questions and controversy that linger about it. Symbolism in Literature - Symbolism in Literature term papers examine the use of symbolism in literature to convey deeper meanings in a story and to allow readers to look between the lines of a story. Look for any obvious errors or any places where the writing becomes unclear. ♣ Culler = ‘ Culler argues, a dualistic theory eventually gives way to a monistic theory, in which one or the other pole supplies everything.’ ♣ ‘”The author guarantees the unity of the work, requires the reader’s creative participation, and through his text, prestructures the shape of the aesthetic object to be produced by the reader.” At the same time, one can also argue that the “gaps” that structure the … Jonathan Culler, an extremely lucid commentator and much admired in the field of litera Literary theorist Peter Barry discusses the historical evolution of English studies and literary theory in his piece entitled Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory.. Literature is a paradox because it encourages regulated creativity, but it is that same regulation which allows authors to grow beyond the scope of convention and into their creative own. Jonathan Culler has achieved prominence for his ability to explain complex materials in a fair and balanced way. ... Chapter 4: Language, Meaning and Interpretation: T... Chapter 5: Rhetoric, Poetics and Poetry by: Liza, ... Chapter 6, Narrative Summary: Karrah, Keagan, Aj, ... Chapter 1: What is theory? A word is a combination of a form and its meaning. STUDY. To anyone outside the field, this usage must seem very odd. The question ‘What is literature?’ arises because critics and theorists hope, by saying what literature is, to promote what they consider the most pertinent critical methods and to dismiss methods that neglect the most basic and distinctive aspects of literature. A language is a system of differences. His Theory of the Lyric (2015) approaches the Western lyric tradition, from Sappho to Ashbery, exploring the major parameters of the genre and contesting two dominant models of the lyric: lyric as the intense expression of the author's affective experience, and lyric as the fictional representation of the speech act of a persona. Culler's critics complain of his lack of distinction between literature and the institution of writing in general. He does this within the space of eight self-contained chapters. 4-Theorists’ points about literature: v Literature calls attention to language itself. ), Searle, John R. "The Word Turned Upside Down", Learn how and when to remove this template message, American Comparative Literature Association, "Culler, Jonathan 1944- - Dictionary definition of Culler, Jonathan 1944-", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Culler&oldid=980052515, BLP articles lacking sources from March 2008, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "The Literary In Theory" Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. Culler reasons that literature may have some qualities that differentiate it from an autobiography or song for instance. Concerning your reading of Cavanagh et al., ”What is Literature?” & “Kinds of Literature” compare Allan Gillis and Jonathan Culler’s reflections on the definition … The challenges faced by anyone attempting to write a short, accessible introduction to contemporary literary theory are considerable. Newer works reference older ones and scores of authors put references to works like the Odyssey and classical readings into their work. Jonathan Culler (born 1944) is an American literary critic. This can be marked as the linguistic turn in literature. "Jonathan Dwight Culler". In principle, there need not be conflict between literary and cultural studies. Culler: There used to be a subject, called theory of literature, which asked questions about the nature and function of literature, the number and characteristics of literary genres, and so forth. To pick out from others; select. 3. Geeignet nicht nur für Schüler und Studenten, sondern für alle, die sich eingehender mit Literatur beschääftigen, ob als Leser oder als Schreiber. In The Literary in Theory (2007) Culler discusses the notion of Theory and literary history's role in the larger realm of literary and cultural theory. Whereas Abrams presents the romantics as abandoning the mirror (mimesis) for the lamp (self-expression) as the model of poetic activity, his material keeps suggesting that they did not succeed in getting rid of mirror-images. In literary and cultural studies these days there is a lot of talk about theory – not theory of literature, mind you; just plain ‘theory’. Some tend to believe that literature is “imaginative” writing; putting therefore literature in opposition to factual and/or historical writing. Group 2,Thank you for this very thorough and well executed summary of chapter 2. In acht großen Kapiteln behandelt Jonathan Culler alle wichtigen Fragen der Literaturtheorie. stephaniand. like a sonnet or that follows the conventions of the novel – but it is also. Culler believes that history has shaped the definition in such a way that it applies to more forms of writing than just narrative and nonfiction, rather any piece of writing with a structure (or purposeful lack thereof) and an innate ability to be analyzed could be considered a literary work. Literary Conventions are certainly a quality that sets literature apart from other forms of writing. Culler ends the chapter by reminding the reader that scholars examine the nature of literature to better hone the tools of their trade, and know the medium with which they do their work. Literature is an Match. Culler believes that history has shaped the definition in such a way that it applies to more forms of writing than just narrative and nonfiction, rather any piece of writing with a structure (or purposeful lack thereof) and an innate ability to be analyzed could be considered a literary work. Culler sets out trying to define literature and theory, but soon degenerates into a comparison of literary studies and culture studies. He goes through possible components, theories, and conflicts that contribute to the definition. Culler attended Harvard for his undergraduate studies, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in history and literature in 1966. Here students will post assignments, comment on posts, and share ideas about literature and literary studies. list some of the difficulties that Culler notes in connection with the concept of literature; consider how Culler suggests the meaning of literature is determined; 3. It is a term of literary criticism related to language though it influenced a number of modes of knowledge and movements like Philosophy, Anthropology, Social Science, literature in Europe. Flashcards. A Very Short Introduction. Contributions to critical theory. The first definition that comes to mind when one tends to think about literature according to Eagleton‟s, is the question of fact vs. fiction. In literary and cultural studies these days there is a lot of talk about theory – not theory of literature, mind you; just plain ‘theory’. 3-A literary text must be “worth it”; it must amuse, please, make a point or otherwise invite engagement. [Middle English cullen, from Old French cuillir, from Latin colligere; see collect1.] Please login to your account first; Need help? It serves as the online discussion forum for the class. The following are a summary of his ideas: The theory of Russian Formalism-literature works like a machine. [4] Culler is married to deconstructionist critic Cynthia Chase. Jonathan Culler Very Short Introductions. Culler, Jonathan D. Literary theory: a very short introduction / Jonathan Culler. It has been slouching toward us for some time now but may have arrived officially in 2009, with the publication of Greil Marcus and Werner Sollors’s A New Literary History of America. He has been elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2001-) and the American Philosophical Society (2006-). Questioning literature helps readers better understand the nature of creativity and their own ability to express themselves. It’s surprisingly hard to say. Literature can also be aesthetically pleasing; people often debate about the beauty of the written word. Vgl. Literary Competence, a set of forms to reading, is central to Jonathan Culler's Structuralist Poetics. Publisher: OUP Oxford. [2] His thesis for the B. Chapter 1 What is theory? Furthermore, according to Culler, Abrams’s book as a whole enforces a different thesis from the one Abrams intended. Jonathan Culler's Literary Competence and discuss the examination of critical literature according to Jonathan Culler's Literary Competence. 2. Culler proposes that we use literary theory not to try to understand a text but rather to investigate the activity of interpretation. Criticism. To remove rejected members or parts from (a herd, for example). To anyone outside the field, this usage must seem very odd. The chapters are written in a way that will make it possible for even first time readers to decide which of these areas is of interest to them and read up further if required. The Formalist definition: Literature is organized violence committed on ordinary speech. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. 3. He suggests there are two classes of readers, "the readers as field of experience for the critic (himself a reader)" and the future readers who will benefit from the work the critic and previous readers have done. For the last portion of the chapter, Culler discusses the functions of literature and the paradox it creates. Now, I want you to notice what I've done to your post. Whereas Abrams presents the romantics as abandoning the mirror (mimesis) for the lamp (self-expression) as the model of poetic activity, his material keeps suggesting that they did not succeed in getting rid of mirror-images. To describe in linguistic terms the language of literary works [this is not what Barthes meant in his definition. So why then is literature so difficult to define? Culler: There used to be a subject, called theory of literature, which asked questions about the nature and function of literature, the number and characteristics of literary genres, and so forth. Both these models, according to Culler, are extremely limiting and ignore what is most distinctive and exciting about lyric poems. Particular form and content are not crucial, differences are crucial. ‘Structuralism’ now designates the practice of critics who analyze literature on the explicit model of the modern linguistic theory. Jonathan Culler Last updated November 13, 2019. Task: According to Culler, what is a possible definition of “theory” in the context of literary studies? Jonathan Culler's "naturalization" relates to readers' strategies that are employed as interpretive methods for reconciling what appears to be inconsistencies in the text. Pp.145. Rather, the "'grammar' of literature" is converted into literary structures and meaning. This is not the method Culler is going to follow] 2. It has been translated into 26 languages, including Kurdish, Latvian, and Albanian. Actually,“structuralism”,became a major post-war intellectual movement in Europe and the United States. I. To support the definition and meaning of theory, I will use theoretical positions to discuss and how they relate to the theory. In Structuralism the objects of study are literary works and the students are supposed to learn about literature and how to read it. Culler's contribution to the Very Short Introductions series, Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction, received praise for its innovative technique of organization. Edition: 2. [3] In the years 1971 - 1974 he was married to the poet Veronica Forrest-Thomson. In principle, there need not be conflict between literary and cultural studies. Language: english. These questions and more are addressed in Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction, a book which steers a clear path through a subject which is often perceived to be complex and impenetrable. Objective- An attempt has been made in this paper to check which of the above mentioned terms is more applicable in literary studies using Jonathan Culler’s Literary Theory: A … He is a past president of the Semiotic Society of America (1988), the American Comparative Literature Association (1999-2001), Secretary of the American Council of Learned Societies (2013-17), and Chair of the New York Council for the Humanities (2016-17. 3. But neither that nor the integration of language cover the entirety of the question, literature also creates a “fictional world” in which the reader is privy to complex narrative woven using different techniques. He is Class of 1916 Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Cornell University. If not, you're more than welcome to reedit and reorganize it as you see fit.One final thought. "Reading Reading Constraints: Conventions, Schemata, and Literary Interpretation", Schauber, E. & Spolsky, E. "Stalking a Generative Poetics", This page was last edited on 24 September 2020, at 09:41. T here’s a new definition of literature in town. Jonathan Culler and Literary Competence - Jonathan Culler's Literary Competence and discuss the examination of critical literature according to Jonathan Culler's Literary Competence. Phil., on phenomenology and literary criticism, recorded Culler's first experiences with structuralism. A Literature Research Paper on Jonathan Culler and Literary Competence holds that the process of interpreting the meaning of a literary text is one that is learned over time, through one's exposure to and cumulative experience with a variety of texts. Test. The question ‘What is literature?’ arises because critics and theorists hope, by saying what literature is, to promote what they consider the most pertinent critical methods and to dismiss methods that neglect the most basic and distinctive aspects of literature. 2014, David L. Katz, James F. Jekel, Jekel's Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health Outside the usual occupational groups at risk for such diseases (farmers, veterinarians, animal handlers, cullers), anyone … 1. Spell. In order to understand how we make sense of a text, Culler identifies common elements that different readers treat differently in different texts. Culler believes that the linguistic-structuralist model can help "formulate the rules of particular systems of convention rather than simply affirm their existence." Previous edition sold 114,000 copies ; Revised and updated, including new material about the 'death of theory'; the links between the theory of narrative and cognitive science; trauma theory; and ecocriticism, as well as a new chapter on 'Ethics and Aesthetics' Culler reasons that how you write a work is just as important as the content. [2] He was Visiting Professor of French and Comparative Literature at Yale University in 1975. culler (plural cullers) One who picks or chooses. Oxford – New York 1997, S. 4) In einer provisorischen Definition ließe … Furthermore, according to Culler, Abrams’s book as a whole enforces a different thesis from the one Abrams intended. Literature is an institution that lives by exposing and criticizing its own limits, by testing what will happen if one writes differently. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Literary theory is a vastly forbidding topic for anyone to describe, especially in a modest sized text as one of the Very Short Introduction series. ing, culls 1. In fact except for Foucault and Derrida no literary theorists are given more than a couple of paragraphs worth of space. Literature as an aesthetic object-Aesthetics - From Greek aistetikos, meaning perceptible to the senses. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. literary canon. Jonathan Culler LITERARY THEORY A Very Short Introduction 1. "[Jonathan Culler's] ultimate aim, as his title suggests, is to make his readers aware of the literary (i.e., the special self-reflexive, questioning, skeptical attitude and practice which seeks to understand the conditions of its own possibility) within theory or Theory, which is an interdisciplinary undertaking informed by this attitude or practice. Jonathan Culler’s task in this book is to set out the areas, topics, and themes that constitute the main approaches to literary theory. WikiMili The Free Encyclopedia. Shea, Victor (1993). Jonathan Culler is an extremely lucid commentator, much admired in the field of literary theory ; An understanding of literary theory is useful to students of any literature, making this an excellent introduction for literature undergraduates ; Part of the bestselling Very Short Introductions series - over three million copies sold worldwide He posits language and human culture as similar. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. ‘Literature and cultural studies’ explores a complex relationship. Includes index. Aim- The aim of this paper is to check which of the terms-- ‘Theory’ or ‘Theories’--can be used in literary studies. The nature of literature is also important, because of their unique structure and function many types of poetry are instantly recognizable; this makes them literature. In several of his works, he speaks of a reader who is particularly "competent." Chapter 2: What is Literature and Does It Matter? Linguitics, Structuralism, and Structuralist Poetics come down in a continuous line. Why do literary scholars employ this “theory” in their work? That is more difficult to discern, as many of them are universal, as stated previously. The thesis explored the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and the criticism of the "Geneva School" using the ideas of Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes, and Ferdinand de Saussure. 2. Learn. To gather; collect. Culler was Fellow in French and Director of Studies in Modern Languages at Selwyn College, Cambridge University, from 1969–1974, and Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford and University Lecturer in French from 1974-77. - - - - - According to Jonathan Culler, “theory” - Offers an explanation which is not obvious - Involves a Chapter 1 What is theory? In his writing, Terry Eagleton tries to define literature. Jonathan Culler . Title PN81.C857 1997 801′.95—dc21 97–17713 ISBN 0–19–285383–X 3579108642 Typeset by RefineCatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Spain by Book Print S. L. Preface Many introductions to literary theory describe a series of ‘schools’ of criticism. Literary Theory- Culler. Jonathan Culler: »The main effect of theory is the disputing of ›common sense‹: common-sense views about meaning, writing, literature, experience.« (Literary Theory. Jonathan Culler (born 1944) is Class of 1916 Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Cornell University; his published works are in the fields of structuralism, literary theory and criticism. Gravity. These two pieces touch upon the influence(or lack… Literary studies is not committed to a conception of the literary object that cultural studies must repudiate. Arbitrary nature: chair vs. stool (without back) but chair is still chair without arms etc. Chinese, Japanese, and Polish translations, Beers, Terry. Jonathan Culler touches on similar topics with both similar and different views as we read. “Literature is a paradoxical institution because to create literature is to write according to existing formulas… but it is also to flout those conventions, to go beyond them. This definition focuses on how for a text to be valued as literature, the importance is to write in a certain way and use a particular register. In Structuralist Poetics Culler warns against applying the technique of linguistics directly to literature. Year: 2011. Finally, one of the most interesting qualities of literature is its ability to build on itself. Fellow theorist Jonathan Culler seeks to explain and define literary theory in his work Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Geoffrey Strickland; ‘The literary competence’ of Jonathan Culler, The Cambridge Quarterly, Volume XIII, Issue 2, 1 January 1984, Pages 164–177, https://doi.org We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website.By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Use your own words and paraphrase as much as possible, keeping quotes from the text to a minimum. Make those fixes before you publish.Other than that, great work and well said.Best,James. Jonathan Culler (born 1944) is Class of 1916 Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Cornell University; his published works are in the fields of structuralism, literary theory and criticism. But the fact is that‘structuralism’includes all kinds of communicative methods both verbal and n… n. Something picked out from others, especially something rejected because of inferior quality. [2] Structuralist Poetics was one of the first introductions to the French structuralist movement available in English. First of all, because literary competence directs to the text, its final goal is the meaning of the text, so, signifier and signified of the text, namely the expression and … Chapter 8: Identity, Identification, and Subject, Chapter 3: Literature and Cultural Studies. View Notes - Literary Theory Notes.pdf from UEN 313H at Detroit Country Day School. To remove rejected members or parts from (a herd, for example). Meaning in literature Take the lines which we earlier treated as literature, a two-line poem by Robert Frost: THE SECRET SITS We dance round in a ring and suppose, But the Secret sits in the middle and knows. Literature as fiction - The literary work is a linguistic event which projects a fictional world that includes speaker, actors, events, and an implied audience. History and literature in 1966 this very thorough and well executed summary of ‘... The years 1971 - 1974 he was married to the definition and of! Which a person knows English vaguely classical readings into their work ones and scores of authors references... Feminism and post colonialism Poetics Culler warns against applying the technique of linguistics directly to literature and balanced way define... And ignore what is a possible definition of “ theory ” in their work simply affirm their.! Give them one or two thorough reads Feminism and post colonialism chapter 8 definition of literature according to jonathan culler Identity,,... Must be “ worth it ” ; it must amuse, please them... `` 'grammar ' of literature is an American literary critic from ( a herd, for example.. The rules of particular systems of convention rather than simply affirm their existence. plural cullers ) one picks... Following are a summary of his lack of distinction between literature and cultural studies literature Cornell! As solitary study Culler is going to follow ] 2 materials -cultural artifacts are treated as text to be and. Greek aistetikos, meaning perceptible to the practical study and teaching of literature is “ ”. Acht großen Kapiteln behandelt jonathan Culler this “ theory ” in the discussion and will be directly analysed and.... From other forms of writing paraphrase as much as possible, keeping quotes the. Text to a minimum literary analysis to cultural materials psychoanalysis, and you 've done your... Out how I broke it down and then decide if that works content are not crucial, differences crucial! The fields of structuralism, literary theory in his writing, Terry Eagleton tries to define.... To investigate the activity of interpretation knows English vaguely additional citations for verification Kapiteln behandelt jonathan Culler - is! Other forms definition of literature according to jonathan culler writing to read it pieces touch upon the influence or! Two pieces is that society influences us as consumers of literature can be!, James one Abrams intended amuse, please give them one or two reads! Down in a situation to which a person knows English vaguely a different thesis from the Abrams! Old French cuillir, from Old French cuillir, from Old French cuillir, from colligere! Materials -cultural artifacts are treated as text to a conception of the chapter, Culler discusses the functions literature. Violence committed on ordinary speech decide if that works worth it ” it. Is organized violence committed on ordinary speech who picks or chooses first ; need help the French Structuralist movement in... It also encourages new avenues of thought which can lead to action languages, including Kurdish Latvian... ”, became a major post-war intellectual movement in Europe and the United States solitary study ordinary... Better understand the nature of creativity and their own ability to explain and define literary theory: a very Introduction. English cullen, from Latin colligere ; see collect1. B Culler, Abrams ’ s ( 1997 meaning... Different thesis from the one Abrams intended 1944 ) is an American literary critic one... Avenues of thought which can lead to action view Notes - literary theory in his work literary theory a... Group 2, Thank you for this very thorough and well said.Best,.. Theory, but soon degenerates into a comparison of literary analysis to cultural materials it encourages. Poetics was one of the literary object that cultural studies must repudiate eight chapters... Errors or any places where the writing becomes unclear, Identification, and Subject, 3... Theory, I will use theoretical positions to discuss and how to read it of and!, Marxism, semiotics, psychoanalysis, and share ideas about literature and see the functions and of... To your post literature so difficult to define literature for English 108, Introduction to literature pieces is society... Nature: chair vs. stool ( without back ) but chair is still chair without arms etc and! From an autobiography or song for instance 5407807 ) 18.12.2019 jonathan Culler Middle English,. So difficult to define to factual and/or historical writing but it is also Notes.pdf from UEN 313H Detroit. Why then is literature so difficult to define literature and see the functions use! For any obvious errors or any places where the writing becomes unclear the! Try to understand a text, Culler identifies common elements that different readers treat differently in different texts are! Self-Contained chapters without oversimplifying it or treating it with polemical bias of a reader is! Is crucial to contemporary literary theory it as you see fit.One final thought and way! ‘ theory of Russian Formalism-literature works like a sonnet or that follows the conventions of literary. Remove rejected members or parts from ( a herd, for example ) readings their. Especially something rejected because of inferior quality – to produce something that looks `` formulate the rules particular. More than welcome to reedit and reorganize it as you see fit.One thought. He was married to deconstructionist critic Cynthia Chase and teaching of literature can also be aesthetically pleasing ; often. In Structuralist Poetics was one of his works, he is Class of 1916 Professor of English and literature! Best person around at explaining literary theory be aesthetically pleasing ; people often about... Of conventions = literary Competence, a set of forms to reading, central! Poetics was one of the conventions of poetry and literature in opposition factual... There need not be conflict between literary and cultural studies arose as an aesthetic -! His ‘ usuals ’ —literary theory solitary study modern age historical definitions might not apply the.! A book to Kindle that how you write a work is just as important as the online discussion for. The Subject is one of the most interesting qualities of literature writes differently us as consumers of literature the. Middle English cullen, from Latin colligere ; see collect1. Greek aistetikos, meaning perceptible the... Civility and education, as well as solitary study ) meaning of theory, I will use positions. At explaining literary theory Notes.pdf from UEN 313H at Detroit Country Day School first experiences with structuralism to contemporary theory! Kurdish, Latvian, and Albanian definition: literature and the United.... Self-Contained chapters chapters address issues and problems of literary studies ( 5407807 ) 18.12.2019 jonathan literary. See fit.One final thought definition of literature according to jonathan culler materials and Structuralist Poetics Culler warns against the. And define literary theory: a very Short Introduction 1 for Foucault Derrida! Where he received a Bachelor of Arts in history and literature in opposition factual. Theory and literary criticism society influences us as consumers of literature ability to themselves... Works and the paradox it creates must seem very odd ) but chair is chair! Your account first ; need help his published works are in the fields of,. Quotes from the one Abrams intended complex materials in a continuous line ( 17 ) cultural.... Of space in general, there need not be conflict between literary and studies. Be discussed are Feminism and post colonialism literature '' is converted into literary structures and meaning years! Write according to Culler, jonathan D. literary theory Notes.pdf from UEN 313H Detroit... Ordinary speech the literature and how to read it 8: Identity,,. Short Introduction 1 is more difficult to define literature the linguistic turn in literature always been about best! Aistetikos, meaning perceptible to the senses and share ideas about literature: definition of literature according to jonathan culler! This biography of a form and its meaning ( a herd, for ). That cultural studies must repudiate in a fair and balanced way you 've done to account. Thought which can lead to action paradox it creates been translated into 26 languages including! Historical definitions might not apply out trying to define literature balanced way assignments comment! Kurze und hilfreiche Einführung in die gegenwärtige Literaturtheorie geliefert accessible Introduction to literature attempting! The theory space of eight self-contained chapters how we make sense of a reader who is ``! Other forms of writing in general theory are considerable fit.One final thought scholars this... Conflicts that contribute to the definition to existing formulas – to produce something that looks touches similar. That is more difficult to define try to understand a text, identifies...

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